Appearance: White crystalline or crystalline powder, odorless or slightly odorous, with a bitter taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water and ethanol, insoluble in ether and acetone, slightly soluble in chloroform.
Density: Approximately 1.49 g/cm³ (may vary slightly depending on the source).
Melting Point: 188°C (some sources indicate a higher melting point, which may be due to differences in purity or crystalline form).
Boiling Point: 686.8°C (at standard pressure).
Flash Point: 369.2°C.
Physical and Pharmaceutical Properties
Stability: Stable in acidic environments, including gastric acid, making it suitable for oral administration.
Pharmaceutical Form: Available as injectables (such as vials containing 0.5g), tablets (or capsules) containing 0.25g per unit.
Distribution in the Body: Widely distributed in the body, easily entering most tissues and fluids, including pleural fluid, pus, joint fluid, and sites of suppurative osteomyelitis, where effective concentrations can be achieved.
Antibacterial Properties
Antibacterial Spectrum: Primarily effective against Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to penicillin, although its activity is weaker compared to some other antibiotics. It also has activity against other Gram-positive bacteria.
Mechanism of Action: By inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell wall, it exerts a bactericidal effect.
